慈悲的封建制－－西藏迷思（第三章之二）

对结束旧西藏神权制度表示赞同，并不意味着赞同中国在那个国家统治期间所做的一切。西方国家香格里拉的信徒们很少有人理解这一点。反之，对中国统治的抨击，并不意味着应当把过去西藏的封建统治罗曼蒂克化。西藏人民应当被看做是真正的人，而不是完美的神或无辜的政治象征。一位旅居英国、曾在西藏旅行的持不同政见者马健这样说“将西藏人民理想化，实际上是否认他们的人性。”

西方佛教追随者通常对中国统治下对西藏宗教文化的破坏颇有微词。在一定程度上，看起来确实如此。许多庙宇被关闭，神权政治被历史所尘封。中国的统治是福是祸并不是这里讨论的焦点。问题是，旧西藏是一个什么样的国家。我所提出的不同看法，是针对这种误解：在中国占领之前，西藏存在一种纯朴的精神文化。在不去拥抱旧日西藏神话的前题下，我们可以去提倡宗教自由和新西藏的自主。旧西藏的封建制确实披着佛教的外衣，但这二者是不能划等号的。事实上，旧西藏并不是什么失去的乐园。而是一个压抑、落后、充斥着特权与贫穷极度对立的神权体制－－与香格里拉大相径庭。

最后，如果西藏的未来仅仅是中国新兴的自由经济天堂中的一部分，那对于西藏人民来说前景并不乐观。中国经济保持着8%的惊人增长率，正逐渐成为世界最重要的工业强国之一。但经济增长的同时，我们看到愈加严重的贫富悬殊。大多数中国人仍生活在接近贫困线的水平或以下，而少数新兴的资产阶级和“灰色”官僚聚集了大量财富。地方官僚榨取国家资源，通过贪污，剥削民众和掠夺地方财富。贪婪的开发商和腐败官员联手在城市和乡村掠夺土地是家常便饭。在全国范围内有数以万计的草根抗议和不满，而通常他们会遇到的将是铁面无情的警察力量。腐败现象的泛滥和触及面之广，使得通常自我感觉良好的国家领导人在2006年末也不得不对这一问题予以重视并采取行动。

在中国，那些试图在公司聚集的“商业区”组织工会的员工会面临被解雇、甚至殴打和监禁的危险。商业区数以百万计的工人拿着最低生活费每天从事12小时的繁重工作。随着医疗保健的私有化，免费或便宜的医疗对数以百万民众来说不复存在。男人奔向城市寻找就业机会，把妇女、儿童和老人留在更加贫困的乡村。自杀率，特别是妇女中的自杀率显著上升。[注66]

中国自然环境的污染是另一个悲剧。很多著名的河流和湖泊已经成为死水，数十亿吨工业排放和未经处理的生活垃圾直接排入这些水系，造成大范围的鱼类死亡。有毒废水、杀虫剂、除草剂等渗入地下水或直接进入灌溉渠。一些水道附近村庄中的癌症发病率上升了千倍。数以亿计的城市居民呼吸着由工业排放和数以百万新增的汽车所造成的、危及健康的空气。据估计每年有四十万人由于空气污染而早亡。政府的环保部门没有权力去制止那些污染制造者。而政府通常忽略或否认这些问题，而把注意力集中在经济发展上。[注67]

中国科学研究部门报告，如果温室效应气体的排放不能有效得到控制，几年后，中国将面临大规模粮食减产，以及由此带来的食品、水资源短缺的灾难。2006至2007年间，严重干旱已经影响了中国西南省份。[注68]

如果说中国高速增长的自由市场经济所显示的成功，将成为西藏未来发展模式的话，那么旧日西藏的封建制度恐怕看起来就不那么糟糕了。

注释

1. Mark Juergensmeyer, Terror in the Mind of God, (University of California Press, 2000), 6, 112-113, 157.
2. Kyong-Hwa Seok, "Korean Monk Gangs Battle for Temple Turf," San Francisco Examiner, 3 December 1998.
3. Los Angeles Times, February 25, 2006.
4. Dalai Lama quoted in Donald Lopez Jr., Prisoners of Shangri-La: Tibetan Buddhism and the West (Chicago and London: Chicago University Press, 1998), 205.
5. Erik D. Curren, Buddha's Not Smiling: Uncovering Corruption at the Heart of Tibetan Buddhism Today (Alaya Press 2005), 41.
6. Stuart Gelder and Roma Gelder, The Timely Rain: Travels in New Tibet (Monthly Review Press, 1964), 119, 123; and Melvyn C. Goldstein, The Snow Lion and the Dragon: China, Tibet, and the Dalai Lama (University of California Press, 1995), 6-16.
7. Curren, Buddha's Not Smiling, 50.
8. Stephen Bachelor, "Letting Daylight into Magic: The Life and Times of Dorje Shugden," Tricycle: The Buddhist Review, 7, Spring 1998. Bachelor discusses the sectarian fanaticism and doctrinal clashes that ill fit the Western portrait of Buddhism as a non-dogmatic and tolerant tradition.
9. Dhoring Tenzin Paljor, Autobiography, cited in Curren, Buddha's Not Smiling, 8.
10. Pradyumna P. Karan, The Changing Face of Tibet: The Impact of Chinese Communist Ideology on the Landscape (Lexington, Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky, 1976), 64.
11. See Gary Wilson's report in Worker's World, 6 February 1997.
12. Gelder and Gelder, The Timely Rain, 62 and 174.
13. As skeptically noted by Lopez, Prisoners of Shangri-La, 9.
14. Melvyn Goldstein, William Siebenschuh, and Tashì-Tsering, The Struggle for Modern Tibet: The Autobiography of Tashì-Tsering (Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe, 1997).
15. Gelder and Gelder, The Timely Rain, 110.
16. Melvyn C. Goldstein, A History of Modern Tibet 1913-1951 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989), 5 and passim.
17. Anna Louise Strong, Tibetan Interviews (Peking: New World Press, 1959), 15, 19-21, 24.
18. Quoted in Strong, Tibetan Interviews, 25.
19. Strong, Tibetan Interviews, 31.
20. Gelder and Gelder, The Timely Rain, 175-176; and Strong, Tibetan Interviews, 25-26.
21. Gelder and Gelder, The Timely Rain, 113.
22. A. Tom Grunfeld, The Making of Modern Tibet rev. ed. (Armonk, N.Y. and London: 1996), 9 and 7-33 for a general discussion of feudal Tibet; see also Felix Greene, A Curtain of Ignorance (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1961), 241-249; Goldstein, A History of Modern Tibet, 3-5; and Lopez, Prisoners of Shangri-La, passim.
23. Strong, Tibetan Interviews, 91-96.
24. Waddell, Landon, O'Connor, and Chapman are quoted in Gelder and Gelder, The Timely Rain, 123-125.
25. Goldstein, The Snow Lion and the Dragon, 52.
26. Heinrich Harrer, Return to Tibet (New York: Schocken, 1985), 29.
27. See Kenneth Conboy and James Morrison, The CIA's Secret War in Tibet (Lawrence, Kansas: University of Kansas Press, 2002); and William Leary, "Secret Mission to Tibet," Air & Space, December 1997/January 1998.
28. On the CIA's links to the Dalai Lama and his family and entourage, see Loren Coleman, Tom Slick and the Search for the Yeti (London: Faber and Faber, 1989).
29. Leary, "Secret Mission to Tibet."
30. Hugh Deane, "The Cold War in Tibet," CovertAction Quarterly (Winter 1987).
31. George Ginsburg and Michael Mathos Communist China and Tibet (1964), quoted in Deane, "The Cold War in Tibet." Deane notes that author Bina Roy reached a similar conclusion.
32. See Greene, A Curtain of Ignorance, 248 and passim; and Grunfeld, The Making of Modern Tibet, passim.
33. Harrer, Return to Tibet, 54.
34. Karan, The Changing Face of Tibet, 36-38, 41, 57-58; London Times, 4 July 1966.
35. Gelder and Gelder, The Timely Rain, 29 and 47-48.
36. Tendzin Choegyal, "The Truth about Tibet," Imprimis (publication of Hillsdale College, Michigan), April 1999.
37. Karan, The Changing Face of Tibet, 52-53.
38. Elaine Kurtenbach, Associate Press report, 12 February 1998.
39. Goldstein, The Snow Lion and the Dragon, 47-48.
40. Curren, Buddha's Not Smiling, 8.
41. San Francisco Chonicle, 9 January 2007.
42. Report by the International Committee of Lawyers for Tibet, A Generation in Peril (Berkeley Calif.: 2001), passim.
43. International Committee of Lawyers for Tibet, A Generation in Peril, 66-68, 98.
44. im Mann, "CIA Gave Aid to Tibetan Exiles in '60s, Files Show," Los Angeles Times, 15 September 1998; and New York Times, 1 October, 1998.
45. News & Observer, 6 September 1995, cited in Lopez, Prisoners of Shangri-La, 3.
46. Heather Cottin, "George Soros, Imperial Wizard," CovertAction Quarterly no. 74 (Fall 2002).
47. Goldstein, The Snow Lion and the Dragon, 51.
48. Tendzin Choegyal, "The Truth about Tibet."
49. The Dalai Lama in Marianne Dresser (ed.), Beyond Dogma: Dialogues and Discourses (Berkeley, Calif.: North Atlantic Books, 1996)
50. These comments are from a book of the Dalai Lama's writings quoted in Nikolai Thyssen, "Oceaner af onkel Tom," Dagbladet Information, 29 December 2003, (translated for me by Julius Wilm). Thyssen's review (in Danish) can be found at http://www.information.dk/Indgang/VisArkiv.dna?pArtNo=20031229154141.txt.
51. "A Global Call for Human Rights in the Workplace," New York Times, 6 December 2005.
52. San Francisco Chronicle, 14 January 2007.
53. San Francisco Chronicle, 5 November 2005.
54. Times of India 13 October 2000; Samantha Conti's report, Reuter, 17 June 1994; Amitabh Pal, "The Dalai Lama Interview," Progressive, January 2006.
55. The Gelders draw this comparison, The Timely Rain, 64.
56. Michael Parenti, The Culture Struggle (Seven Stories, 2006).
57. John Pomfret, "Tibet Caught in China's Web," Washington Post, 23 July 1999.
58. Curren, Buddha's Not Smiling, 3.
59. Curren, Buddha's Not Smiling, 13 and 138.
60. Curren, Buddha's Not Smiling, 21.
61. Curren, Buddha's Not Smiling, passim. For books that are favorable toward the Karmapa appointed by the Dalai Lama's faction, see Lea Terhune, Karmapa of Tibet: The Politics of Reincarnation (Wisdom Publications, 2004); Gaby Naher, Wrestling the Dragon (Rider 2004); Mick Brown, The Dance of 17 Lives (Bloomsbury 2004).
62. Erik Curren, "Not So Easy to Say Who is Karmapa," correspondence, 22 August 2005, www.buddhistchannel.tv/index.php?id=22.1577,0,0,1,0.
63. Kim Lewis, correspondence to me, 15 July 2004.
64. Kim Lewis, correspondence to me, 16 July 2004.
65. Ma Jian, Stick Out Your Tongue (Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2006).
66. See the PBS documentary, China from the Inside, January 2007, KQED.PBS.org/kqed/chinanside.
67. San Francisco Chronicle, 9 January 2007.
68. "China: Global Warming to Cause Food Shortages," People's Weekly World, 13 January 2007

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